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Amoghavarsha
Amoghavarsha I (also known as Amoghavarsha Nrupathunga I ) (800–878 CE) was a Rashtrakuta emperor, the greatest ruler of the Rashtrakuta dynasty, and one of the great emperors of India. His reign of 64 years is one of the longest precisely dated monarchical reigns on record. Many Kannada and Sanskrit scholars prospered during his rule, including the great Indian mathematician Mahaviracharya who wrote ''Ganita-sara-samgraha'', Jinasena, Virasena, Shakatayan and Sri Vijaya (a Kannada language theorist).〔 Amoghavarsha I was an accomplished poet and scholar. He wrote (or co-authored) the ''Kavirajamarga'', the earliest extant literary work in Kannada,〔〔Sastri (1955), p. 355.〕 and ''Prashnottara Ratnamalika'', a religious work in Sanskrit. During his rule he held such titles as ''Nrupathunga'', ''Atishadhavala'', ''Veeranarayana'', ''Rattamarthanda'' and ''Srivallabha''. He moved the Rashtrakuta regal capital from Mayurkhandi in the Bidar district to Manyakheta in the Gulbarga district in the modern Karnataka state. He is said to have built the regal city to "match that of Lord Indra". The capital city was planned to include elaborately designed buildings for the royalty using the finest of workmanship.〔Sastri (1955), p. 146.〕 The Arab traveler Sulaiman described Amoghavarsha as one of the four great kings of the world. Sulaiman also wrote that Amoghavarsha respected Muslims and that he allowed the construction of mosques in his cities.〔The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond; Acyuta Yājñika, Suchitra Sheth, Penguins Books, (2005), p.42, ISBN 978-0-14400-038-8〕 For his religious temperament, his interest in the fine arts and literature and his peace-loving nature, historian Panchamukhi has compared him to the legendary emperor Ashoka and given him the honorific "Ashoka of the South".〔Panchamukhi in Kamath (2001), p80〕 Amoghavarsha seems to have entertained the highest admiration for the language, literature and culture of the Kannada people as testified to in the text Kavirajamarga.〔M. V. Krishna Rao (1936), ''The Gangas of Talkad: A Monograph on the History of Mysore from the Fourth to the Close of the Eleventh Century'', p.80〕
==Early years==
Amoghavarsha I (whose birth name was Sharva)〔Kamath (2001), p77〕〔It has been claimed that Sharva may be a title (Reu 1933, p66)〕 was born in 800 CE in Sribhavan on the banks of the river Narmada during the return journey of his father, Emperor Govinda III, from his successful campaigns in northern India. This information is available from the Manne inscription of 803 and the Sanjan plates of 871, both important sources of information about Amoghavarsha I.〔 The Sirur plates further clarify that Amoghavarsha I ascended to the throne in 814 at the age of 14 after the death of his father. All his inscriptions thereafter refer to him as Amoghavarsha I.〔Reu (1933), p68〕 His guardian during his early years as emperor was his cousin, Karka Suvarnavarsha of the Gujarat branch of the empire.
A revolt led by some of his relatives together with feudatories of the empire temporarily unseated Amoghavarsha I, who, with the help of his guardian and cousin (Karka) also called Patamalla, re-established himself as the emperor by 821. This information comes from the Surat records and the Baroda plates of 835.〔Kamath (2001), p78〕〔Reu 1933, p66〕 The first to revolt was the Western Ganga feudatory led by King Shivamara II. In the series of battles that followed, Shivamara II was killed in 816. But Amoghavarsha I's commander and confidant, Bankesha, was defeated in Rajaramadu by the next Ganga king, Rachamalla.〔From the Hiregundagal records (Kamath 2001, p78)〕 Due to the resilience of the Western Gangas, Amoghavarsha I was forced to follow a conciliatory policy. He gave in marriage his daughter, Chandrabbalabbe, to the Western Ganga King Buthuga, and another daughter, Revakanimmadi, to prince Ereganga. More revolts occurred between 818 and 820, but by 821 Amoghavarsha I had overcome all resistance and established a stable kingdom to rule.〔
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